The general objective of the project is to produce a comprehensive and empirically grounded analysis of the gender pay gap in North Macedonia, which will provide precise and applicable policy recommendations, in line with ILO Convention No. 100 and the UN gender equality agenda.

Specific Objectives

• To calculate raw, adjusted, and factor-weighted gender pay gaps using micro-data from the Structure of Earnings Survey (SES).

• To conduct quantile decomposition analysis in order to identify differences across the wage distribution (glass ceiling, sticky floor).

• To analyze within-firm and between-firm pay gaps, in order to determine whether inequality stems from pay-setting practices or from sectoral segregation.

• To estimate the so-called “feminization penalty” and examine how the concentration of women in specific occupations/sectors affects wage levels.

• To conduct consultations with stakeholders (trade unions, employers, institutions) and integrate their perspectives into the final recommendations.

• To provide practical and context-specific policy recommendations for reducing the gender pay gap.

Client: International Labour Organization and UN Women